Representation

1. Why is representation an important concept in Media Studies?

Representation is important in Media Studies because the media shapes how we perceive the world. It stands between reality and our understanding, influencing how we view images, ideas, or events. 

2. How does the example of Kate Middleton show the way different meanings can be created in the media?

Kate Middleton's image can be seen differently depending on whether it’s an official or paparazzi photo. An official image is carefully controlled by Kate and the royal team, considering her outfit, location, and expressions to convey a specific message. In contrast, an unofficial paparazzi photo might show a less controlled version of her, potentially changing the way audience views her.

Summarise the section 'The how, who and why of media representation' in 50 words.

Media representations are shaped by the choices producers make to communicate specific images or emotions. These decisions affect how audiences interpret media content. Producers have a purpose behind these choices, aiming to deliver a particular message or an idea, which can influence perception of audience 

4. How does Stuart Hall's theory of preferred and oppositional readings fit with representation?

Stuart Hall's theory explains that audiences interpret media messages based on their own cultural and social contexts. While some accept the "preferred reading" matching with the producer's intention, others may have oppositional readings, rejecting the dominant ideology, which shows that representation is not always accepted.

5. How has new technology changed the way representations are created in the media?

New technology allows audiences to create and share their own media representations. Through social media platforms, websites, and other online sites, people have more opportunities to represent themselves and their ideas, diversifying the types of representations seen in the media compared to traditional media production.

6. What example is provided of how national identity is represented in Britain - and how some audiences use social media to challenge this?

In the 2014 World Cup, The Sun newspaper distributed free copies to 22 million English households, presenting a specific view of ‘Englishness.’ However, social media  provided a space for audiences to challenge and reject these representations, allowing people to tell how they feel and give alternative perspectives on national identity.

7. Write a paragraph analysing the dominant and alternative representations you can find in the clip from Luther.

In the clip, alternative representations are seen when the woman in charge is portrayed as strong and supportive, while Luther, a man, appears weak and vulnerable. This challenges traditional gender roles. However, the woman's position of power can also show a dominant representation, as she holds authority over Luther, a black man. The scene also challenges expectations of masculinity, with the woman adopting a more masculine appearance, showing that power in the workplace is often linked with a lack of femininity. The character of Justin perhaps shows how white men are hardworking and focused.

8. Write a paragraph applying a selection of our representation theories to the clip from Luther.

Levi-Strauss’s theory of representation and ideology is evident as the woman boss challenges the traditional ideology of male-dominated power structures in the workplace. Additionally,  Mulvey’s concept of the male gaze is disrupted as the female character is not sexualized but is shown as a serious and authoritative figure. Dyer’s theory on stereotyping and power is applied as Luther and Justin fit certain stereotypes, with Luther embodying the stereotype of the angry black man, while Justin is shown as helpful and eager. Medhurst’s theory of value judgments is also present, as the stereotypes are used to quickly communicate the characters' roles and the seriousness of their environment.